General Tips to Get you Going…
No rule
applies always and everywhere. But the following principles work almost all the
time. Try them!
(From: http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/acadtalk.htm)
|
USUALLY
BETTER |
USUALLY
WORSE |
|
* Talk |
* Read |
|
* Stand |
* Sit |
|
* Use visual
aids: outlines, pictures, graphs, PowerPoint. |
* Have no visual
aids |
|
* Move –also, use
gestures |
* Stand still |
|
* Vary the pitch
of your voice |
* Speak in a
monotone |
|
|
* Mumble, facing
downward |
|
* Make eye
contact with the audience |
* Stare at the
podium |
|
* Focus on main
arguments |
* Get lost in
details |
|
* Finish your
talk within the time limit |
* Run overtime |
|
* Rehearse your
talk |
* Don't practice |
|
* Summarize your
main arguments at the beginning and end |
* Fail to provide
a conclusion |
|
* Notice your
audience and respond to their needs |
* Ignore audience
behavior |
|
* Emulate
excellent speakers |
* Emulate mentors
regardless of their speaking ability |
MoreTips in More DETAIL!
The more you understand the
reasons behind these principles, the clearer their importance will become.
1) Talk with us not to us and do not read. You'll be easier to
understand, and you'll be better able to make genuine contact with your
audience. Furthermore, ultimately talking will help you think more clearly by
forcing you to communicate your points in ordinary language. There's nothing
virtuous about perfect grammar, complicated sentences, and sophisticated
vocabulary if your audience can't follow you. Look to us also! Find a couple of friendly faces and focus
upon them. Look to all sides, not just
one area (the teacher!).
2) Stand up. This is better for two reasons. First, people can see you
better. Second, standing puts you in a physically dominant position. This
sounds politically incorrect, but in this context it isn't. Remember: you're
the focus. The audience needs your help to maintain their attention. They want
you to be in charge. By standing up, you accept this invitation -- making both
your job and theirs a little easier.
3) Use visual aids. This is one of the most important principles of
public speaking. People are visual creatures. The old adage "a picture is
worth a thousand words" is especially apropos in the context of a
conference talk, where you don't have time to say very much.
At a minimum, have an outline of your talk on overhead transparencies. Some
people seem to think they're giving everything away by showing people what
they're going to say before they've said it. But the effect of a good talk
outline is exactly the opposite: it makes your audience want to hear the
details. At the same time, it helps them understand the structure of your
thinking. Talk outlines should be extremely concise and visually uncluttered.
12-15 lines of text per transparency is plenty. Try PowerPoint! Don’t pass around any visual aid! Remember to only show us the visual aid
until you are ready to use it…hide it until then and put it away after you are
done. No obscene visual aids or
distracting ones should be used. I know
I shouldn’t need to say this, but no guns, knives, pornography and morbid
videos.
4) Move around. It's easier to keep focused on someone who's moving than
on a motionless talking head. Hand gestures are also good. It's possible to
overuse these devices, of course. Simply crossing from one side of the room to
the other every three or four minutes is probably enough.
5) Vary the pitch of your voice. Monotones are sleep-inducing. Since
it's possible to speak in a lively, animated manner without changing pitch,
many people don't realize they have this problem. Get a trusted friend or
colleague to listen to your delivery and give you honest feedback. (This is an
important principle in itself.) Even better, tape or videotape yourself and
check out how you sound.
6) Speak loudly, clearly, and confidently. Face the audience. An
important element of vocal technique is to focus on the bottom (the deepest
pitch) of your vocal range, which is its loudest and most authoritative tone.
(This can be especially important for women.) Speak from the gut, not the
throat. Breathe deeply -- it's necessary for volume. Don't be afraid to ask for
feedback: "Can you hear me in the back of the room?" Be careful, when
using visual aids, that you continue to face the audience when you speak.
7) Make eye contact with the audience. If this is anxiety-inducing, at
least pretend to do this by casting your gaze toward the back and sides of the
room. Be careful not to ignore one side of the audience. Many speakers
"side" unconsciously, looking always to the left or to the right
half, or only to the front or the back, of the room. Here's another place where
feedback, either from friends or from videotape, can be helpful.
8) Focus on main arguments. Especially in a conference situation, where
talks are short and yours is one of many, your audience is not going to
remember the details of your evidence. In such a situation, less is more. Give
them short, striking "punch lines" that they'll remember. They can
always read your written work later, but if you don't get them interested and
show them why it's important, they won't want to. A good rule of thumb is to
make no more than three main points in any given talk. That's about all most
people will be able to remember.
9) Finish your talk within the time limit. Not to do so is disrespectful
both of any subsequent speakers and of your audience. Most people's maximum
attention span is 40-45 minutes. If you exceed this limit, you'll probably lose
them. But of course in class your limit
is usually limited around 5 minutes!
STILL, keep within these limits too.
The only way to be certain you can keep within your limits is to rehearse
your talk. After lots of experience, some people can gauge talk times accurately
without this. But nothing is more embarrassing -- for both you and your
audience -- than getting only halfway through before hitting the time limit.
One trick is to develop a standard format for your talk outlines, then learn
how long it usually takes you to talk about each slide. My own rule of thumb is
five minutes per outline slide.
10) Summarize your talk at the beginning and again at the end.
"Tell `em what you're gonna tell `em, tell `em, and tell `em what you told
`em": this ancient principle still holds. If you follow this rule, your
audience is much more likely to remember your main points. Even more important,
it helps you stay focused on the key ideas you're trying to convey.
11) Notice your audience and respond to their needs. If people seem to
be falling asleep, or getting restless or distracted, the problem may not be
you. Is the room too hot, or too cold? Too dark? Can people see you? Is the
microphone on? Is something outside the room distracting people? Don't hesitate
to stop briefly in order to solve these problems. Ask someone in the audience
to open a window. Always use the maximum lighting your presentation format will
allow. For example, you can usually leave all the lights on if you're using an
overhead projector, but you'll need to turn some off to use slides.
Alternatively, you may have gone on too long, or you may need to speak louder.
Whatever the case, notice what's happening and use it as feedback. If you can't
figure out why your audience is responding poorly, ask somebody later and fix
the problem next time.
12) Emulate excellent speakers. The best way to become an excellent
presenter is to watch really good, experienced speakers and model your talks on
theirs. Notice not just what they say, but what they do: how they move, how
they sound, how they structure their talks. Add those devices to your own
repertoire.
13) Group Presentations should be just
that: GROUP presentations! Remember you are a group, not a ring-leader
and several head nodders! All should be
involved. All should have equal
input! Try dressing in a uniform
fashion. Decide where you will
sit/stand. Avoid all standing while one
person talks, folks tend to start to sway, fidget and even talk/yawn!
Transitions are especially important with small group presentations. Decide where and how you will move from
point to point. Make sure that your content does not replicate or even
contradict itself from person to person, it needs to be a unified presentation
in both content and delivery.
Of course, none of these principles can substitute for excellent content. Nor
will following them guarantee that people will agree with you! What they will
guarantee is that your audience will understand you, will stay with you, and
will remember what you've said. That's effective communication, which is, after
all, the whole point.